Fruit Crops Edition - Wine Grape Section

Seasonal updates on diseases, insects, weeds impacting small fruit (blueberry, cranberry, and wine grape). Fruit Pest Alerts are also available via this category feed.
 
Subscription is through the general Fruit feed available via EMAIL and RSS.

Last “Ask the Ag Agent” Webinar Tonight at 7:00PM

The last springtime Rutgers Cooperative Extension, “Ask the Ag Agent” weekly 1-hour sessions for farmers will take place tonight 5/27/20 at 7:00PM. We realize the season is well underway and most farmers are out in the fields. With the regular sessions ending for now, please reach out to your local County Agricultural Agent at anytime for assistance. We are open for business, and as times have changed we have changed with them.

This last online webinar/call in event will begin promptly at 7:00PM with an open forum to discuss ag-related questions about production, marketing, regulations and any other topics farmers wish to discuss.

Thank you to all who joined each week over the past two months and thank you to the Ag Agents and Extension Specialists who have participated. Bill Bamka, Stephen Komar, Meredith Melendez and Michelle Infante-Casella created and hosted this forum one week after the State of NJ went into lockdown and it has been quite the journey. Please join us for one last session for spring. All are welcome.

To access via WebEx on a computer go to https://go.rutgers.edu/rc9n3kxt

Join by phone
+1-650-429-3300 USA Toll
Access code: 799 743 872 # and then # again to join

Reminder for Tonight’s On-Farm Direct Marketing, Farmer Panel Webinar

Tonight at 7:00PM – Last Session for the On-Farm Direct Marketing May Webinar series.

Covid directionsFarmer Panel: Tracy Duffield-Duffield’s Farm Market, Dave Specca- Specca’s Pick-Your-Own Farm and Jess Niederer – Chickadee Creek Farm and CSA will discuss what they have changed on their farms due to COVID-19.

Please join us online at https://go.rutgers.edu/k0d59m8h

or

On the phone 1-650-429-3300 with Access code: 226 795 368 # and then # again.

10 Best Management Practices to Avoid Herbicide Drift 

The last few weeks have been very windy, and we already received numerous calls from specialty crops growers inquiring about the risk of herbicide drift or investigating if observed crop damages may be the result of herbicide drift.

Blueberry flowers

Fig.1 Paraquat drift on blueberry flowers

Why does it seem like crops are more affected by herbicide drift in the spring? Well, mostly because this is the time when newly planted crops develop new shoots or reproductive structures that may be very sensitive to herbicide drift (Figure 1). This is also the time of the year when most postemergence herbicide are applied to control emerged weeds and subsequent new flushes. When both events coincide and if weather conditions favor herbicide drift, this could lead to disastrous injury on sensitive non target crops!

Drift is defined as physical movement of an herbicide through air, at the time of application or soon thereafter, to any site other than that intended. It can be particle drift from fine herbicide spray droplets that can travel over long distances during period of high wind. High wind speed, low relative humidity, high temperatures, small droplet size, and spray boom maintained high above the ground are factors that increase the risk of particle drift. Depending on the herbicide, application and weather conditions, fine droplets can travel up to several miles! It can also be vapor drift which results from the ability of an herbicide to vaporize and mix freely with air. Volatility of any herbicidal substance is characterized by its vapor pressure. The higher the vapor pressure of a substance, the greater its tendency to volatilize (Table 1). However, other factors such as herbicide formulation and weather conditions will influence volatility. Some herbicides classified as growth regulators (2,4-D, dicamba, triclopyr or clopyralid) are well known for the higher risk of vapor drift associated with their use when herbicide formulation and/or weather conditions increase volatility (Figure 3).

Herbicide Vapor Pressure (mmHg)
Glyphosate IPA 1.58 x 10-8
Glyphosate Ammonium Salt 6.75 x 10-8
2,4-D DMA <1.0 x 10-7
2,4-D Acid 1.4 x 10-7
Atrazine 2.9 x 10-7
2,4-D BEE 2.4 x 10-6
2,4-D EHE 3.6 x 10-6
Trifluralin 1.1 x 10-4
Clomazone 1.4 x 10-4
Table 1 Vapor Pressures for 2,4-D Formulations and Several Commonly Used Herbicides. Abbreviations: IPA, isopropylamine; DMA, dimethylamine; BEE, butoxyethyl ester; EHE, 2-ethylhexyl ester.

So, there are a few things that you need to consider reducing the risk of potentially expansive damages to sensitive crops:

  1. Select nonvolatile or low volatility herbicides to minimize the risk of vapor drift. Growth regulator herbicides such as 2,4-D, MCPA or triclopyr can be formulated as ester or amine salt. The ester formulation is notorious for its volatility; therefore, always use these herbicides formulated as amine salt to reduce the risk of vapor drift. Other herbicides than growth regulators have high vapor pressure that makes them prone to vapor drift (clomazone, trifluralin, EPTC), but either should be soil incorporated or are formulated in a way (micro-encapsulation) that will limit the risk of vapor drift.

    Beet plant

    Fig. 2 New growth chlorosis on beet. A WSSA group 27 herbicide (“bleacher”) was applied preemergence at planting in a neighboring corn field and drifted to the beet field because of high wind.

  2. Carefully read the herbicide label. The product label will provide information regarding when it is not safe to apply the product based on various parameters such as wind speed, temperature, humidity. You may also find information buffer requirement when spraying near sensitive downwind plants or information on the type of nozzle you must use for a specific herbicide.
  3. Select nozzles that produce the large size droplets while providing adequate coverage at the intended application rate and pressure. You can also select specifically designed drift-reduction nozzles (for example, drift-guard or air induction types) operate at lower pressure (15 to 30 psi) and produce large droplets that will have less potential for drift. A good source of information on droplet characteristics and operating pressure for various nozzle types is the TeeJet nozzle catalog (https://www.teejet.com/CMSImages/TEEJET/documents/catalogs/cat51a_us.pdf).
  4. Use low application pressure and drive at low speed when applying herbicides. Herbicide drift will increase with application pressure and speed…
  5. Keep the boom stable and the nozzles close to the soil as this will minimize herbicide drift but also potential injury to the crop on which herbicide is applied. You may want to consider using a shielded boom when spraying herbicide that are prone to drift or may injure your crop. Keep in mind that postemergence herbicide will provide optimal weed control when applied timely with regards to weed development. If the weeds are too tall (see the maximum weed size for each weed species on the label), then it’s too late to spray!

    Damaged crops

    Fig. 3 Damages to pepper (left), cucumber (center), and eggplant (right) caused by dicamba herbicide applied at 1/1000 of the labeled rate on soybean.

  6. Mix spray additives recommended by the label to reduce the production of fine spray droplets. Avoid tank mix ammonium sulfate with volatile herbicides as ammonium sulfate increases volatility. You can also consider the use of drift retardants that reduce drift by increasing the viscosity or surface tension of a spray solution. However, research shows that while some drift retardants may help under some conditions, the prevention of herbicide drift should primarily rely on nozzle selection, boom height, application pressure, and environmental conditions.
  7. Do not apply herbicides when wind is blowing toward sensitive plants or when wind speed exceeds 10 mph. Ideal spray conditions are when wind speed is between 3 and 10 mph. Low winds (< 3 mph) tend to be unpredictable and variable in direction and may indicate conditions that help the development of a temperature inversion. Applying any herbicide when wind speed exceeds 10 mph may result in catastrophic consequences for neighboring sensitive vegetable or horticultural crops (Figure 2).
  8. Do not apply herbicides when temperature inversion occurs. Inversions occur when warm light air rises upward into the atmosphere and heavy cool air settles near the ground, preventing the mixing of air layers. Temperature inversion will cause small-suspended droplets to form a concentrated cloud that can move long distances (up to several miles). Typically, temperature inversions start at dusk and break up with the sunrise because of vertical air mixing. To confirm the presence of an inversion, air temperature should be measured carefully at two heights out of the direct sun: 6 to 12 inches above the ground or the top of a nearly closed-crop canopy, and at a height of 8 to10 feet above the surface to be sprayed. When the temperature at the higher level is greater than the temperature at the lower level, an inversion exists. The greater the temperature difference between the two levels, the more intense the inversion, and the more stable the lower atmosphere. To test for sure, you can use smoke by burning a small amount of dry vegetation to see if the smoke dissipates or hangs low to the ground. If the smoke hangs in the air together then moves off slowly without dissipating, it indicates that a temperature inversion exists and that you do not want to spray as  long as the temperature inversion persists. Usually, temperature inversion will dissipate when temperature rises 3 degrees or more above the morning low, or when the wind speed increases to more than 3 mph.
  9. Spray when temperatures remain below 80°F to minimize vaporization and droplet evaporation. This will minimize vapor drift but also help with weed control by avoiding that spray droplets evaporate before reaching the target…
  10. Leave a buffer zone between treated fields and sensitive plants. Herbicide labels may specify the width of the buffer zone. The buffer zone will allow larger droplets to settle before reaching sensitive plants. The buffer zone may not be effective in settling small droplets.

Remember that all herbicides are capable of drift, no exception.

When spraying a pesticide, you have a moral and legal responsibility to prevent it from drifting and contaminating or damaging neighboring crops and sensitive areas. Always monitor weather conditions and their evolution carefully when spraying an herbicide. Overall, do not spray if all conditions are not suitable, and stop spraying if conditions change and become unsuitable.

Wednesday Discussions: Ask the Ag Agent

Last night on “Ask the Ag Agent” we discussed The NJ Department of Health’s “Interim Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Guidance for Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers, Their Employers, and Housing Providers” guidance document. We will continue to facilitate discussion on “Ask the Ag Agent” forum for this topic and others next week. Please feel free to bring up any ag-related topics for discussion on this forum.

“Ask the Ag Agent” weekly 1-hour sessions for farmers will be hosted weekly and continue each Wednesday until May 27th. The online conferencing/call in events will begin at 7:00PM with an open forum to discuss ag-related questions about production, marketing, regulations and any other topics farmers wish to discuss. All are welcome. Events are hosted by William Bamka, Stephen Komar, Meredith Melendez and Michelle Infante-Casella – Agricultural Agents.

To access via WebEx on a computer go to https://go.rutgers.edu/rc9n3kxt

Or, Join by phone
+1-650-429-3300 USA Toll
Access code: 799 743 872

For additional Rutgers Cooperative Extension educational programs check out https://events.rutgers.edu/njaes/

NJMVC Further Extends Driver License, Registration, and Inspection Expiration Dates Due to COVID-19

The New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission Chief Administrator Sue Fulton, on Monday, May 18th, announced additional extensions to driver license, registration, and inspection expiration dates in the continuing efforts to mitigate COVID-19 and safeguard public health.

Effective immediately, the following documents, if expiring between March 13 and May 31, have been extended to July 31. Documents expiring June 30 are extended two months to August 31, and those expiring July 31 are extended to September 30.

• All Standard driver licenses (including permits) and standard non-driver IDs
• Privately owned and commercial vehicle registrations (including Farmer and Farm Use registrations)
• Vehicle inspections
• Purple Heart/Disabled Veteran placards
• Temporary tags

“Get it done online now, if you’re able,” Fulton suggests. “We do anticipate that volumes will spike once we reopen and when we reach the end of these extensions. Our job is to serve customers in the most efficient way possible and one way we can do that is by steering people to our expanded list of online services.”

On March 13, the NJMVC initially announced two-month extensions for licenses, registrations, and inspection stickers expiring in March, April, and May, timelines that have now been pushed back.

The NJMVC encourages customers to utilize online services, which have been expanded during the COVID-19 crisis. In most cases, customers can renew a license, replace a lost license, change an address, renew a registration, and complete other transactions through the NJMVC’s Online Services portal.

Customers also should check NJMVC.gov for the latest information and updates.

Labor Will Be Hot Topic For 7:00PM Wednesday Night Webinar – “Ask the Ag Agent”

This week, the webinar will be concentrated on the topic of farm labor. Since updates are coming to the industry and we have learned of some programs for migrant workers please join us for discussion. Please feel free to bring up other topics.

Ask the Ag Agent – 7:00PM Weekly – Every Wednesday – Farmer Video Conference/Call-In ForumAsk the Ag agent

“Ask the Ag Agent” weekly 1-hour sessions for farmers will be hosted again on Wednesday May 13th and continue each Wednesday until May 27th. The online conferencing/call in events will begin at 7:00PM with an open forum to discuss ag-related questions about production, marketing, regulations and any other topics farmers wish to discuss. All are welcome. Events are hosted by William Bamka, Stephen Komar, Meredith Melendez and Michelle Infante-Casella – Agricultural Agents.

To access via WebEx on a computer go to https://go.rutgers.edu/rc9n3kxt

Or, Join by phone
+1-650-429-3300 USA Toll
Access code: 799 743 872

For additional Rutgers Cooperative Extension educational programs check out https://events.rutgers.edu/njaes/