- Sand blasting has been reported on a number of leafy green and other crops these past few weeks. Injury from sand blasting predisposes plants to bacterial infections. Remember, all bacteria need a wound or a natural opening, such as a stomata, to gain entry into the plant. Fields with extensive injury need to be scouted regularly, and most likely will need to be sprayed regularly with a copper fungicide or disinfectant-type product to help mitigate infection and spread.
- For a review on how to avoid sunscald injury on transplanted crops please click here.
- Bacterial leaf spot has been reported in sweet basil. BLS of sweet basil is a relatively new disease of basil in the US. The bacterium has a large host range and can survive and overwinter in the soil on infested plant debris. Disease development is favored by hot, humid, rainy weather. Periods of hot, dry weather will help mitigate disease development.
- Club root has been reported in southern New Jersey.
- Cucurbit powdery mildew season is quickly approaching as more cucurbit crops are planted. For a review of CPM control strategies please click here.
- Cucurbit downy mildew has been reported as far north as southern Georgia on cucumber and cantaloupe. To track the progress of CDM please visit the CDM forecasting website.
- With the on and off again rains we have been getting, along with warmer weather this week, all growers should consider applying at-transplanting fungicides for root rot control. Please click here to see this article.
- Weather conditions have been ideal for fruit rot infections in strawberries. For more information on controlling fruit rots in strawberry please click here.
- The following is a nice article by Jeanine Davis from NCSU about mixing Serenade with coppers.
- The 2020/2021 Commercial Vegetable Production Recommendations Guide is available for free online! With many county offices running reduced hours or being closed this is the easiest way to obtain the newest recommendations.
- For a quick review on managing fungicide resistance development using tank mixes and fungicide rotations, and information on FRAC group 4, FRAC group 7, and FRAC group 3 and FRAC group 11 fungicides please click on hyperlinks.
Vegetable Crops Edition
Seasonal updates and alerts on insects, diseases, and weeds impacting vegetable crops. New Jersey Commercial Vegetable Production Recommendations updates between annual publication issues are included.
Subscriptions are available via EMAIL and RSS.
Quick Links:
NJ Commercial Vegetable Production Recommendations
Rutgers Weather Forecasting - Meteorological Information important to commercial agriculture.
Vegetable Disease Update – 5/27/20
Last “Ask the Ag Agent” Webinar Tonight at 7:00PM
The last springtime Rutgers Cooperative Extension, “Ask the Ag Agent” weekly 1-hour sessions for farmers will take place tonight 5/27/20 at 7:00PM. We realize the season is well underway and most farmers are out in the fields. With the regular sessions ending for now, please reach out to your local County Agricultural Agent at anytime for assistance. We are open for business, and as times have changed we have changed with them.
This last online webinar/call in event will begin promptly at 7:00PM with an open forum to discuss ag-related questions about production, marketing, regulations and any other topics farmers wish to discuss.
Thank you to all who joined each week over the past two months and thank you to the Ag Agents and Extension Specialists who have participated. Bill Bamka, Stephen Komar, Meredith Melendez and Michelle Infante-Casella created and hosted this forum one week after the State of NJ went into lockdown and it has been quite the journey. Please join us for one last session for spring. All are welcome.
To access via WebEx on a computer go to https://go.rutgers.edu/rc9n3kxt
Join by phone
+1-650-429-3300 USA Toll
Access code: 799 743 872 # and then # again to join
Reminder for Tonight’s On-Farm Direct Marketing, Farmer Panel Webinar
Tonight at 7:00PM – Last Session for the On-Farm Direct Marketing May Webinar series.
Farmer Panel: Tracy Duffield-Duffield’s Farm Market, Dave Specca- Specca’s Pick-Your-Own Farm and Jess Niederer – Chickadee Creek Farm and CSA will discuss what they have changed on their farms due to COVID-19.
Please join us online at https://go.rutgers.edu/k0d59m8h
or
On the phone 1-650-429-3300 with Access code: 226 795 368 # and then # again.
10 Best Management Practices to Avoid Herbicide Drift
The last few weeks have been very windy, and we already received numerous calls from specialty crops growers inquiring about the risk of herbicide drift or investigating if observed crop damages may be the result of herbicide drift.
Why does it seem like crops are more affected by herbicide drift in the spring? Well, mostly because this is the time when newly planted crops develop new shoots or reproductive structures that may be very sensitive to herbicide drift (Figure 1). This is also the time of the year when most postemergence herbicide are applied to control emerged weeds and subsequent new flushes. When both events coincide and if weather conditions favor herbicide drift, this could lead to disastrous injury on sensitive non target crops!
Drift is defined as physical movement of an herbicide through air, at the time of application or soon thereafter, to any site other than that intended. It can be particle drift from fine herbicide spray droplets that can travel over long distances during period of high wind. High wind speed, low relative humidity, high temperatures, small droplet size, and spray boom maintained high above the ground are factors that increase the risk of particle drift. Depending on the herbicide, application and weather conditions, fine droplets can travel up to several miles! It can also be vapor drift which results from the ability of an herbicide to vaporize and mix freely with air. Volatility of any herbicidal substance is characterized by its vapor pressure. The higher the vapor pressure of a substance, the greater its tendency to volatilize (Table 1). However, other factors such as herbicide formulation and weather conditions will influence volatility. Some herbicides classified as growth regulators (2,4-D, dicamba, triclopyr or clopyralid) are well known for the higher risk of vapor drift associated with their use when herbicide formulation and/or weather conditions increase volatility (Figure 3).
Herbicide | Vapor Pressure (mmHg) |
Glyphosate IPA | 1.58 x 10-8 |
Glyphosate Ammonium Salt | 6.75 x 10-8 |
2,4-D DMA | <1.0 x 10-7 |
2,4-D Acid | 1.4 x 10-7 |
Atrazine | 2.9 x 10-7 |
2,4-D BEE | 2.4 x 10-6 |
2,4-D EHE | 3.6 x 10-6 |
Trifluralin | 1.1 x 10-4 |
Clomazone | 1.4 x 10-4 |
Table 1 Vapor Pressures for 2,4-D Formulations and Several Commonly Used Herbicides. Abbreviations: IPA, isopropylamine; DMA, dimethylamine; BEE, butoxyethyl ester; EHE, 2-ethylhexyl ester.
So, there are a few things that you need to consider reducing the risk of potentially expansive damages to sensitive crops:
- Select nonvolatile or low volatility herbicides to minimize the risk of vapor drift. Growth regulator herbicides such as 2,4-D, MCPA or triclopyr can be formulated as ester or amine salt. The ester formulation is notorious for its volatility; therefore, always use these herbicides formulated as amine salt to reduce the risk of vapor drift. Other herbicides than growth regulators have high vapor pressure that makes them prone to vapor drift (clomazone, trifluralin, EPTC), but either should be soil incorporated or are formulated in a way (micro-encapsulation) that will limit the risk of vapor drift.
- Carefully read the herbicide label. The product label will provide information regarding when it is not safe to apply the product based on various parameters such as wind speed, temperature, humidity. You may also find information buffer requirement when spraying near sensitive downwind plants or information on the type of nozzle you must use for a specific herbicide.
- Select nozzles that produce the large size droplets while providing adequate coverage at the intended application rate and pressure. You can also select specifically designed drift-reduction nozzles (for example, drift-guard or air induction types) operate at lower pressure (15 to 30 psi) and produce large droplets that will have less potential for drift. A good source of information on droplet characteristics and operating pressure for various nozzle types is the TeeJet nozzle catalog (https://www.teejet.com/CMSImages/TEEJET/documents/catalogs/cat51a_us.pdf).
- Use low application pressure and drive at low speed when applying herbicides. Herbicide drift will increase with application pressure and speed…
- Keep the boom stable and the nozzles close to the soil as this will minimize herbicide drift but also potential injury to the crop on which herbicide is applied. You may want to consider using a shielded boom when spraying herbicide that are prone to drift or may injure your crop. Keep in mind that postemergence herbicide will provide optimal weed control when applied timely with regards to weed development. If the weeds are too tall (see the maximum weed size for each weed species on the label), then it’s too late to spray!
- Mix spray additives recommended by the label to reduce the production of fine spray droplets. Avoid tank mix ammonium sulfate with volatile herbicides as ammonium sulfate increases volatility. You can also consider the use of drift retardants that reduce drift by increasing the viscosity or surface tension of a spray solution. However, research shows that while some drift retardants may help under some conditions, the prevention of herbicide drift should primarily rely on nozzle selection, boom height, application pressure, and environmental conditions.
- Do not apply herbicides when wind is blowing toward sensitive plants or when wind speed exceeds 10 mph. Ideal spray conditions are when wind speed is between 3 and 10 mph. Low winds (< 3 mph) tend to be unpredictable and variable in direction and may indicate conditions that help the development of a temperature inversion. Applying any herbicide when wind speed exceeds 10 mph may result in catastrophic consequences for neighboring sensitive vegetable or horticultural crops (Figure 2).
- Do not apply herbicides when temperature inversion occurs. Inversions occur when warm light air rises upward into the atmosphere and heavy cool air settles near the ground, preventing the mixing of air layers. Temperature inversion will cause small-suspended droplets to form a concentrated cloud that can move long distances (up to several miles). Typically, temperature inversions start at dusk and break up with the sunrise because of vertical air mixing. To confirm the presence of an inversion, air temperature should be measured carefully at two heights out of the direct sun: 6 to 12 inches above the ground or the top of a nearly closed-crop canopy, and at a height of 8 to10 feet above the surface to be sprayed. When the temperature at the higher level is greater than the temperature at the lower level, an inversion exists. The greater the temperature difference between the two levels, the more intense the inversion, and the more stable the lower atmosphere. To test for sure, you can use smoke by burning a small amount of dry vegetation to see if the smoke dissipates or hangs low to the ground. If the smoke hangs in the air together then moves off slowly without dissipating, it indicates that a temperature inversion exists and that you do not want to spray as long as the temperature inversion persists. Usually, temperature inversion will dissipate when temperature rises 3 degrees or more above the morning low, or when the wind speed increases to more than 3 mph.
- Spray when temperatures remain below 80°F to minimize vaporization and droplet evaporation. This will minimize vapor drift but also help with weed control by avoiding that spray droplets evaporate before reaching the target…
- Leave a buffer zone between treated fields and sensitive plants. Herbicide labels may specify the width of the buffer zone. The buffer zone will allow larger droplets to settle before reaching sensitive plants. The buffer zone may not be effective in settling small droplets.
Remember that all herbicides are capable of drift, no exception.
When spraying a pesticide, you have a moral and legal responsibility to prevent it from drifting and contaminating or damaging neighboring crops and sensitive areas. Always monitor weather conditions and their evolution carefully when spraying an herbicide. Overall, do not spray if all conditions are not suitable, and stop spraying if conditions change and become unsuitable.
Wednesday Discussions: Ask the Ag Agent
Last night on “Ask the Ag Agent” we discussed The NJ Department of Health’s “Interim Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Guidance for Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers, Their Employers, and Housing Providers” guidance document. We will continue to facilitate discussion on “Ask the Ag Agent” forum for this topic and others next week. Please feel free to bring up any ag-related topics for discussion on this forum.
“Ask the Ag Agent” weekly 1-hour sessions for farmers will be hosted weekly and continue each Wednesday until May 27th. The online conferencing/call in events will begin at 7:00PM with an open forum to discuss ag-related questions about production, marketing, regulations and any other topics farmers wish to discuss. All are welcome. Events are hosted by William Bamka, Stephen Komar, Meredith Melendez and Michelle Infante-Casella – Agricultural Agents.
To access via WebEx on a computer go to https://go.rutgers.edu/rc9n3kxt
Or, Join by phone
+1-650-429-3300 USA Toll
Access code: 799 743 872
For additional Rutgers Cooperative Extension educational programs check out https://events.rutgers.edu/njaes/
IPM Update 5/20/20
Sweet Corn
The black light trap network is complete at this time. To date, one corn earworm (CEW) was captured at Eldora, Cape May County. A very few European corn borer (ECB) moths have been captured this past week, indicating that as warmer weather begins to arrive, we should see increasing numbers over the next several weeks. This pest poses little threat at this time, as they are few in number and the earliest sweet corn plants are only just reaching suitable size to support larvae.
The highest nightly trap catches of ECB for the week ending 5/20/20 are as follows:
Downer 1 |
Hackettstown 1 |
Medford 1 |