Based on our degree-day model, Sparganothis fruitworm has accumulated 867 degree-days (DD) as of June 18, using April 15 as the biofix date. This indicates that flight activity has reached the 25% mark. We anticipate that peak flight will likely occur by the end of this week. This model uses averages across several beds, so there may be slight differences depending on the variety. We will continue to provide updates as the season progresses.

Cranberries have started to bloom, and bees are active in bogs. If insects have been effectively managed prior to bloom, we recommend no sprays at this time. A reminder: when bees are present, your choices of insecticides are insect growth regulators (IGRs) such as Intrepid 2F or Bt products such as DiPel.

During bloom, we recommend monitoring insect populations using pheromone traps. Pheromone traps should be used particularly to monitor the activity of Sparganothis fruitworm and blackheaded fireworm, two key pests in New Jersey.

Degree-Day Model for Sparganothis Fruitworm

Sparganothis fruitworm adults

Together with Dr. James Shope, Assistant Extension Specialist in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers University, we have been working on refining a degree-day model for Sparganothis fruitworm using trapping data from New Jersey. According to this model, 25% flight activity should occur at 840 degree-days, and peak flight activity at 952 degree-days (starting on April 15). As of today, Sparganothis fruitworm has accumulated 724 degree-days, indicating that flight should have started but has not yet reached 25%. Note that this model includes data from many bogs and varieties, which may behave differently from the overall model. Therefore, it is advised to monitor closely as the expected peak flight approaches.

New Jersey cranberry growers are increasingly concerned about rising blunt-nosed leafhopper (BNLH) populations. This rise is attributed to changes in pest management strategies, such as the adoption of new reduced-risk products and decreased use of broad-spectrum insecticides, as well as the expansion of high-yielding varieties that seem more susceptible. BNLH is particularly worrisome because it transmits a phytoplasma, a type of bacteria, that causes false blossom disease. Symptoms of false blossom disease include stunted growth, erect sterile flowers (Figure 1), and distinctive branching of upright shoots, known as witches’ broom.

False blossom infected cranberry with erect flowers (left) and uninfected cranberry (right). Photo credit: Beth Ferguson.

Life Cycle

BNLH has one generation per year. Its eggs overwinter and begin hatching in early May. Nymphs go through five instars in about a month. Adults appear in early July, peak in mid-late July, and their numbers diminish by the first week of August. These adults have a distinctive blunt head and range in color from light yellowish-gray to dark brown. Eggs are laid between July and August.

Damage

Nymphs and adults feed on cranberry plant juices using their piercing-sucking mouthparts. This direct injury is not noticeable. However, they are significant as vectors of the phytoplasma that causes false blossom disease.

Management

At this time of the year, we are observing early-instar nymphs, mostly 2^nd instars but also 3^rd instars (Figure 2).

Blunt-nosed leafhopper nymphs. Photo credit: Beth Ferguson

Here are some guidelines to consider when managing BNLH in cranberries:

1. Identify Infestation Sites: The key to BNLH control is locating infestation sites. The best way to monitor for this insect is with an insect sweep net. Before bloom, use sweep nets to monitor nymphs. Since nymphs are small, freeze the samples to kill them, then count the nymphs under a microscope or with a magnifying lens.
2. Sweep-net Monitoring: Perform sweep sets of 25 sweeps each. The recommended number of sweep sets is:

• 1 per 1–10 acres
• At least 10 sweep sets per 10–20 acres
• 1 sweep set per 2 acres for areas larger than 20 acres

3. Lack of Economic Thresholds: Managing BNLH is challenging because they vector a phytoplasma causing false blossom disease. Establishing economic thresholds is difficult due to the unknown proportion of infected individuals in the population, which can vary by variety. Higher infection rates have been observed in newer varieties even when BNLH populations are low.
4. Control Measures: Consider control measures based on BNLH numbers relative to previous years, history of insecticide application, and cranberry variety. If BNLH populations are increasing compared to previous years and the beds have not been treated for BNLH in 2-3 years, growers should consider treatment.
5. Treatment Options: If treatment is necessary, consider the following options to manage BNLH:

• Timing: The best time for insecticide treatment is before bloom to target young nymphs.
• Insecticides: Organophosphates: Diazinon (diazinon), Orthene (acephate); Carbamates: Sevin (carbaryl); Pyrethroids: Fanfare or Brigade (bifenthrin), Danitol (fenpropathrin); Neonicotinoids: Assail (acetamiprid), Actara (thiamethoxam). Note: Do not use before bloom due to potential negative effects on bees, as these systemic insecticides can accumulate in pollen and nectar. Sulfoxaflor: Closer (sulfoxaflor). Although effective in small plot trials at the P.E. Marucci Center, more data are needed to confirm efficacy on larger commercial scales.
• Be aware that, while not scientifically proven, there are claims that Orthene and Sevin may reduce pollinator activity by repelling bees.

This article has been adapted from an article written by Dr. Christelle Guédot, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and published in the Cranberry Crop Management Journal – Volume 36 (August 02).

Every 15 years, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) performs registration reviews to reevaluate pesticides to assess environmental and occupational risk. In March 2023, the EPA announced that it would accelerate the review process of Diazinon and other pesticides that were due to conclude in 2026. As part of the review process of Diazinon, EPA reached an agreement with the pesticide registrants to develop voluntary mitigation measures by the registrants several years ahead of the normal registration review process to reduce occupational risk. This has led registrants to start implementing these measures this summer and resulted in the shortages observed this summer. For more information about this agreement between EPA and the registrants reached in April, please see https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/epa-reaches-agreement-early-mitigation-measures-initiative-organophosphate-pesticide.

While there was some uncertainty surrounding the supply and forecast of production of the different formulations of Diazinon from Adama and Loveland Products this summer, an official statement was received from Adama stating that they will continue to produce AG500 into 2024 and that they will cease production of Diazinon 50W. For AG500, new labels that will contain occupational risk mitigation measures and endangered species language are expected to be approved by the end of 2023 and should be in place through 2026 when the EPA will complete the registration review process. As for AG600, Loveland Products have informally indicated to the Cranberry Institute that they do not intend to produce Diazinon AG600 any longer. Once stocks of Diazinon 50W and AG600 run out, Diazinon will only be produced and available from Adama in the AG500 formulation. For more information about use pattern of Diazinon AG500, a link to the label can be found at https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/agrian-cg-fs1-production/pdfs/Diazinon_AG5001t_Label.pdf. It is expected that EPA will announce the notice of the agreed upon mitigation measures later this year and that an interim or final decision will be reached in 2026 under the regular review process timeline.