What Effect Will a Cold Winter Have on Insect Populations This Season?:  Insects overwinter in all life stages, but the majority are in the egg or pupa stage. Cold weather usually has little effect on these stages. Those that overwinter as adults or larvae usually overwinter in protected locations. Snow cover can insulate insects and increase survival. The major cause of decreasing insect numbers is widely fluctuating temperature extremes throughout the winter. When temperatures warm, insects begin development, only to stop when temperatures again drop. Therefore, springs with false “starts” are more likely to negatively affect insect populations than a steady cold winter.

Snow cover can insulate insects & increase winter survival rates. (Photo Credit: Steven K. Rettke, Rutgers Coop. Ext.)

Springs with “false starts” can be detrimental to early hatching Eastern Tent Caterpillars. (Photo Credit: Steven K. Rettke, Rutgers Coop. Ext.)

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Girdling Roots:

Many tree species can develop potentially life-threatening girdling roots, but maple species are notorious for developing them in the landscape. As offending girdling roots expand in diameter and press against the also expanding central stem, an inevitable slow decline of the tree begins. When two roots grow together or when two branches grow together, then they can graft and share conducting tissues. However, root and stem tissues cannot graft together, and detrimental effects occur when they expand into one another.

Girdling roots are rare in natural areas, but are relatively common in the urban landscape. (Photo Credit: Steven K. Rettke, Rutgers Coop. Ext.)

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During the winter dormant season, there are a significant number of potential pests of ornamentals that require monitoring. Pest populations ignored during the off season is a missed opportunity to evaluate future problems. These potential concerns can be especially pronounced on evergreen shrubs and conifers. Therefore, this winter do not make the mistake of thinking that landscape problems can be forgotten about until next spring. A little vigilance now can go a long way toward recording & possibly reducing future problems. The following is a review of some of the major pest problems that require monitoring and possible management actions during the next few months.

Winter pest monitoring can still be achieved during the off-season. (Photo Credit: Steven K. Rettke, Rutgers Coop. Ext.)

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Diplodia Tip Blight (Diplodia pinea) is a fungus disease in the landscape commonly observed on Austrian pines (Pinus nigra), but can also be found infecting mugo, red, black, & Scots pines. This blog will emphasize with photos the infections seen on Austrian pines.

The symptoms of Diplodia Tip Blight are stunted or dead shoots. With extensive infections, almost every branch & twig can be affected as the disease spreads over the years. The lower branches of the Austrian pines are usually infected first. For numerous years, the upper canopy will initially show few symptoms. The fungus kills developing needles in the spring, resulting in dead candles that are deformed & much shorter than the growth found on healthy twigs.

Austrian pine with obvious symptoms from Diplodia Tip Blight infections. (Photo Credit: Steven K. Rettke, Rutgers Coop. Ext.)

Stunted or dead newly emerged twig shoots on Austrian pine branch. (Photo Credit: Steven K. Rettke, Rutgers Coop. Ext.)

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Purpose

During the weeks of late fall & early winter, many landscapers apply their annual anti-desiccant sprays to broadleaf evergreen plants. Some of the common trade names of these liquid resin, spray-on products include Vapor-Guard, Wilt-Pruf, Stress Guard, and Nu-Film. Although plants go dormant during the winter, evergreens will continue to transpire given certain conditions. These applications help reduce excessive water loss from leaves during the dry winter months when the ground is frozen. An anti-transpirant is a film-forming complex of polyethylene’s and polyterpenes that when applied to foliage will reduce the moisture vapor transmission rate. Although much of the transpiration from leaves occur through small openings (stomates) under the leaves, a significant amount of water loss can also occur directly through the leaf cuticle or epidermis. The anti-transpirants function by increasing cuticle thickness of broadleaf evergreens.

This Rhododendron may have some winter injuries, but the primary cause for the plant decline is from wood borers. (Photo Credit: Steven K. Rettke, Rutgers Coop. Ext.)

Desiccated holly leaves (Winter Burn) with obvious symptoms. (Photo Credit: Steven K. Rettke, Rutgers Coop. Ext.)

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Dormant Oil Guidelines:

Dormant oils at 2-4% rates in the late fall & late winter seasons can aid in the control of overwintering insects and insect eggs. Consider treating for such pests as aphids (eggs), southern red mites/eggs, spruce spider mites/eggs, oak spider mites (eggs), eriophyid mites/eggs, spruce gall adelgids, lace bugs (deciduous plants), cankerworms (eggs), leaftiers, psyllids, plant bugs, etc.

Some landscapers have been successful applying both late fall and early spring dormant oil treatments to the same plants on the same properties. This is a reasonable approach since a single dormant oil treatment will not provide 100% control and it gives the field technician another opportunity to monitor the landscape for problems.

Dormant oil sprays require excellent coverage & often repeat applications. (Photo Credit: Steven K. Rettke, Rutgers Coop. Ext.)

Japanese maple scale infested branch will likely require multiple dormant oil treatments to suppress. (Photo Credit: Steven K. Rettke, Rutgers Coop. Ext.)

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