The weather this spring has been relatively wet with a few hot days sprinkled in between. Unfortunately, these weather patterns can cause problems in transplant production, especially when it comes time for watering. Hot days may require more than one watering, and cloudy days may require no water. In either case, growers need to anticipate their transplant water needs without over or under estimating watering. Of course, other factors include the growing media and the plant itself. Lets focus on media, for example, growers using a lighter soilless media, these will dry out much quicker than a heavier media and will require more daily watering (e.g., once in AM, afternoon, and evening). Growers using a heavier media may only have to water once a day, or early in the AM and maybe once more in the PM. Either type of media works fine as long as the weather doesn’t change and it fits the growers needs. Proper transplant watering is all about adjustment. If you have stuck to the same daily watering schedule this spring its very likely you have grossly over or under watered your transplants at some point. And, in all likelihood, grossly over or under watered trying to correct the situation. Uniformity is also key when it comes to proper transplant watering. If you find yourself spot watering out of schedule because some flats dry out quicker than others then most likely your uniformity is off. This is easily done when watering is done by hand with a wand. Poor uniformity can also be the result of transplant flats being set on uneven benches or uneven floors. Much like a field, low spots tend to collect the most water. All of this can lead to uneven transplant growth as well as disease and pest pressure, such as fungus gnat problems. If you are experiencing uneven transplant growth, then most likely your watering is uneven. For transplant growth to remain even, flats need to be watered each time to maximum water holding capacity, where each cell in the flat holds the maximum amount of water. An easy way to see this is to watch for water dripping out the bottom of the flat. As important, flats should also uniformly dry out. Below is an example of tomato transplants that have been pulled from the same flat. You can see the differences in plant height as well as root system formation as a result of uneven watering in a “heavy” soilless media. Cells that have remained on the wet side show poor growth and poor root system development because of a waterlogged cell; whereas cells that have been receiving the appropriate amount of water have much better growth and a nice root ball. The weight test. When was the last time you picked up a transplant tray? Picking up a transplant flat every once in a while will give you an idea of how well your watering schedule and uniformity is. Everyone has picked up a tray that has felt like it has the weight of a rock or the tray breaks apart because of the weight, or when you pick it up and it feels as light as a feather. Doing this is a good way to determine if your soilless media is “heavy” – holds more water than you think or if you have been overwatering on days you shouldn’t be or if you have not watered enough. Consistency is key when watering. Going from an extremely wet to an extremely dry transplant tray is not what you want for the transplant production season. You want consistent soil moisture as much as possible, thus proper transplant watering is all about the proper adjustments and knowing your media.
Identifying and Controlling Pathogens at Transplanting in 2024
It is extremely important to know which pathogen is causing damping-off problems and which fungicide to properly apply. The key to controlling damping-off is being proactive instead of reactive. Always refer to the fungicide label for crop use, pathogens controlled, and application rates.
Damping-off is caused by a number of important vegetable pathogens and is very common at transplanting. Common pathogens that cause damping-off include Pythium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium spp.
Control of damping-off depends on a number of factors. First, is recognizing the conditions which may be leading to the problem (i.e., watering schedule/greenhouse growing conditions) and second, identifying the pathogen causing the problem. Reducing the chances for damping-off always begins with good sanitation practices prior to transplant production.
Conditions Favoring Damping-off
Although all four pathogens are associated with damping-off, the conditions which favor their development are very different. In general, Phytophthora and Pythium are more likely to cause damping-off in cool, wet or overwatered soils that aren’t allowed to dry out due to cloudy weather or cooler temperatures. Conversely, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium are more likely to cause damping-off under warmer, drier conditions especially if plug trays are kept on the dry side to help reduce transplant growth. [Read more…]
Damping-off: Identifying and Controlling Pathogens in Transplant Production in 2023
It is extremely important to know which pathogen is causing damping-off problems and which fungicide to properly apply. The key to controlling damping-off is being proactive instead of reactive. Always refer to the fungicide label for crop use, pathogens controlled, and application rates.
Damping-off is caused by a number of important vegetable pathogens and is very common during transplant production. Damping-off can kill seedlings before they break the soil line (pre-emergent damping-off) or kill seedlings soon after they emerge (post-emergent damping-off). Common pathogens that cause damping-off include Pythium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium spp.
Control of damping-off depends on a number of factors. First, is recognizing the conditions which may be leading to the problem (i.e., watering schedule/greenhouse growing conditions) and second, identifying the pathogen causing the problem. Reducing the chances for damping-off always begins with good sanitation practices prior to transplant production.
Conditions Favoring Damping-off
Although all four pathogens are associated with damping-off, the conditions which favor their development are very different. In general, Phytophthora and Pythium are more likely to cause damping-off in cool, wet or overwatered soils that aren’t allowed to dry out due to cloudy weather or cooler temperatures. Conversely, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium are more likely to cause damping-off under warmer, drier conditions especially if plug trays are kept on the dry side to help reduce transplant growth. [Read more…]
Damping-off: Identifying and Controlling Pathogens in Transplant Production in 2022
It is extremely important to know which pathogen is causing damping-off problems and which fungicide to properly apply. The key to controlling damping-off is being proactive instead of reactive. Always refer to the fungicide label for crop use, pathogens controlled, and application rates.
Damping-off is caused by a number of important vegetable pathogens and is very common during transplant production. Damping-off can kill seedlings before they break the soil line (pre-emergent damping-off) or kill seedlings soon after they emerge (post-emergent damping-off). Common pathogens that cause damping-off include Pythium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium spp.
Identifying and Controlling Early-Season Damping-off Pathogens
It is extremely important to know which pathogen is causing damping-off problems and which fungicide to properly apply. The key to controlling damping-off is being proactive instead of reactive. Always refer to the fungicide label for crop use, pathogens controlled, and application rates.
Damping-off is caused by a number of important vegetable pathogens and is very common during the spring. Damping-off can kill seedlings before they break the soil line (pre-emergent damping-off) or kill seedlings soon after they emerge (post-emergent damping-off). Common pathogens that cause damping-off include Pythium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium spp.
Control of damping-off depends on a number of factors. First, is recognizing the conditions which may be leading to the problem (i.e., weather/greenhouse growing conditions) and second, identifying the pathogen causing the problem.
Conditions Favoring Damping-off
Although all four pathogens are associated with damping-off, the conditions which favor their development are very different. In general, Phytophthora and Pythium are more likely to cause damping-off in cool, wet or overwatered soils that aren’t allowed to dry out due to cloudy weather or cooler temperatures. Conversely, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium are more likely to cause damping-off under warmer, drier conditions especially if plug trays are kept on the dry side to help reduce transplant growth. [Read more…]
Manage your transplant watering schedule
The weather this spring has been relatively normal to date. However, we have had some dry weather these past few weeks. Unfortunately, weather patterns can cause problems in transplant production, especially when it comes time for watering. Hot days may require more than one watering, and cloudy days may require no water. In either case, growers need to anticipate their transplant water needs without over or under estimating watering. Of course, other factors include the growing media and the plant itself. Lets focus on media, for example, growers using a lighter soilless media, these will dry out much quicker than a heavier media and will require more daily watering (e.g., once in AM, afternoon, and evening). Growers using a heavier media may only have to water once a day, or early in the AM and maybe once more in the PM. Either type of media works fine as long as the weather doesn’t change and it fits the growers needs. Proper transplant watering is all about adjustment. If you have stuck to the same daily watering schedule this spring its very likely you have grossly over or under watered your transplants at some point. And, in all likelihood, grossly over or under watered trying to correct the situation. Uniformity is also key when it comes to proper transplant watering. If you find yourself spot watering out of schedule because some flats dry out quicker than others then most likely your uniformity is off. This is easily done when watering is done by hand with a wand. Poor uniformity can also be the result of transplant flats being set on uneven benches or uneven floors. Much like a field, low spots tend to collect the most water. All of this can lead to uneven transplant growth as well as disease and pest pressure, such as fungus gnat problems. If you are experiencing uneven transplant growth, then most likely your watering is uneven. For transplant growth to remain even, flats need to be watered each time to maximum water holding capacity, where each cell in the flat holds the maximum amount of water. An easy way to see this is to watch for water dripping out the bottom of the flat. As important, flats should also uniformly dry out. Below is an example of tomato transplants that have been pulled from the same flat. You can see the differences in plant height as well as root system formation as a result of uneven watering in a “heavy” soilless media. Cells that have remained on the wet side show poor growth and poor root system development because of a waterlogged cell; whereas cells that have been receiving the appropriate amount of water have much better growth and a nice root ball. The weight test. When was the last time you picked up a transplant tray? Picking up a transplant flat every once in a while will give you an idea of how well your watering schedule and uniformity is! Everyone has picked up a tray that has felt like it has the weight of a rock or the tray breaks apart because of the weight, or when you pick it up and it feels as light as a feather. Doing this is a good way to determine if your soilless media is “heavy” – holds more water than you think or if you have been overwatering on days you shouldn’t be or if you have not watered enough. Consistency is key when watering. Going from an extremely wet to an extremely dry transplant tray is not what you want for the transplant production season. You want consistent soil moisture as much as possible, thus proper transplant watering is all about the proper adjustments and knowing your media.