Vegetable IPM Update 8/14/19

Sweet Corn

European corn borer (ECB) moth captures have decreased somewhat over the past week, and no map will appear in this issue. The second flight remains very spotty, as is consistent with recent years’ second flights. Low level feeding has appeared in whorl and pre-tassel corn, but rarely rises to the 12% threshold by itself. In combination with fall armyworm (FAW) feeding, action thresholds have been exceeded in all areas of the state.

Growers should continue to scout whorl and pre-tassel stage plantings weekly and consider treating when infested plants exceed 12% in a 50 plant sample. As plantings proceed to the pre-tassel stage, ECB larvae may be found in emerging tassels. It is a good idea to treat individual plantings as they move into the full tassel/first silk stage one time. This eliminates any ECB larvae that have emerged with the tassels as they begin to move down the stalk to re-enter near developing ears.

Useful insecticides for this particular application include synthetic pyrethroids (IRAC Grp 3), spinosyns (including OMRI approved Entrust) IRAC Grp 5), and diamides such as Coragen (IRAC Grp 28) or materials such as Besiege which include the active ingredient in Coragen. Synthetic pyrethroids alone should NOT be used for corn earworm (CEW) protection on silking corn. Control with these materials is very inconsistent.

The highest nightly black light trap catches of ECB for the week ending 8/14/19 are as follows:

Dayton 1	Folsom 1	Milltown 1	Springdale 1
Downer 1	Hillsborough 1	Sergeantsville 1	Tabernacle 1
Elm 1	Jobstown 1	South Branch 1

Corn earworm (CEW) moth catches increased late last week in both trap types, then declined somewhat with cooler evening temperatures over the weekend. The return of warm nights may result in higher CEW activity again. There were some exceptionally high catches in southern NJ pheromone traps this past week (see blacklight map at left, and pheromone trap map below at right). There are now economically important populations of this pest throughout the state, and most areas are at extreme risk of crop injury if strict silk spray schedules are not observed. Red areas on the on the pheromone trap map indicate a 3-day silk spray schedule, while green indicates a 4-5 day silk spray schedule. Blue areas represent a 5-6 day schedule, and white areas are 6-7 day. There are far fewer CEW pheromone traps than blacklights, and the resulting map has much broader color bands as a result. It should also be noted that the pheromone traps are much more sensitive than blacklights. Therefore, the number of moths caught in pheromone traps required to generate a specific spray interval is much higher than the number caught in blacklight traps. It must be stressed that there is high variability in these catches, and growers should consult with their IPM practitioner on recommended spray schedules.

The highest nightly CEW pheromone trap catches for the week ending 8/14/19 are as follows:

Pedricktown 233	Monroeville 125	Matawan 45	Elm 20
Woodstown 229	Beckett 52	Eldora 38	Cedarville 29
Green Creek 223	East Vineland 47	Springdale 24	Crosswicks 18

Fall armyworm (FAW) feeding is increasing, with infestations now found all over the state. We are not seeing extensive feeding, but thresholds have been exceeded in all areas. Growers should scout all fields from pre-tassel stage down to early whorl stage. This pest causes extensive foliar damage on whorl stage corn (see photo at left), can also infest ears, and is capable of killing small plants. FAW larvae are brown in color (see photo at right), with an inverted “Y” pattern on their head capsule. They are much larger than ECB when fully developed. FAW is even more consistently resistant to pyrethroid insecticides. For this reason, the same insecticides classes now recommended for CEW control should be utilized for FAW management.

Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) is now appearing in numerous plantings in northern NJ, and may be present elsewhere. This disease causes elongated gray lesions, starting on older foliage (see photo at left). If uncontrolled, NCLB can result in enough foliage loss to limit ear size, as well as forming lesions on the husk leaves. Growers should be scouting for this disease when checking for insect injury. Control is necessary if lesions appear while plants are in the whorl stage. Heavier dew periods, common throughout August, favor disease development. Fungicides in FRAC groups 3, 7 and 11 are labled for control of this disease in rotation with chlorothalonil. See the 2019 Commercial Vegetable Production Guide for suggested materials.

Silking Spray Schedules*:

South – 3 days

Central – 3 days

North – 4 days

*These recommendations are based on regional catches. Adhere to tighter spray schedules if indicated by local trap catches. To repeat: Synthetic pyrethroids alone should NOT be used for corn earworm (CEW) protection on silking corn, or for fall armyworm (FAW) management at any stage. Control with these materials is very inconsistent.

Peppers

Pepper weevil

Two farms in East Vineland area are infested. Its difficult to understand where the weevils came from. One field of peppers discovered in the Swedesboro area had a devastating infestation of pepper weevils. As many as 5 or more grubs per fruit on the ground.

This is a reminder that areas near food processing plants and land fills, especially those that accept vegetative waste are high risk areas for pepper plantings. Ideally, fields should be at least 1 mile from these facilities, or more. In these higher risk areas yellow sticky cards with pheromone lures should be deployed on the pepper field borders in the early growing season to help detect the presence of weevils.

Pheromone traps established for beet armyworm (BAW) in the southern counties continue catching adults, with regional catches increasing.

The highest numbers for the week ending 8/14/19 are:

Jones Island 82	East Vineland 5
Woodstown 33	Folsom 3

BAW can reach levels that result in damage to pepper plants, and injury has been reported in southwestern NJ. Growers in the southern counties should be alert for the appearance of severely defoliated terminals (see photo above at left) on pepper plants. Small BAW larvae feed on these leaves before turning to fruit as they increase in size. As with FAW, beet armyworm is resistant to pyrethroid insecticides. Insecticides now recommended for CEW and FAW control are useful for BAW management.

Tomatoes

With CEW numbers increasing to high levels, tomato growers should be alert to the possibility of fruitworm injury (see photo at right). CEW moths are attracted to blossom clusters in the upper canopy of plants. They lay eggs there, and larvae penetrate the nearest fruit. Thus, injury typically occurs on fruit in the upper and outer edges of the plant. With current CEW pheromone trap catch levels in south Jersey, it may be wise to treat preventively for this pest until numbers subside. If scouting, growers should consider an application to limit damage when the first sign of injury occurs. Insecticides in the IRAC group 28 (Coragen, etc.) and group 5 (Radiant, Entrust) are good choices, as they are effective against CEW and are less toxic to beneficial insects. The use of synthetic pyrethroids (IRAC 3) can increase aphid and mite populations.

Pumpkins and Winter Squash

Cucurbit downy mildew (CDM) is active on cucumbers, pumpkins, acorn squash and butternut squash in numerous parts of the state. All growers should be applying appropriate fungicides for downy mildew on all cucurbit crops at this time. For regional information on this important disease, see the Cucurbit Downy Mildew Forecast webpage: http://cdm.ipmpipe.org/. In addition, most pumpkin fields are now exhibiting signs of powdery mildew (see photo at right), and thresholds (2 lesions/50 older leaves) are being exceeded. Growers should include materials in their spray program that target powdery mildew as well. See the Pumpkin and Winter Squash section of the 2019 Commercial Vegetable Production Guide for suggested materials.

In addition, numerous instances of plectosporium blight have been discovered on pumpkin and winter squash fields recently. This disease is favored by wet soil conditions and may be confined to low spots in fields, or may infect many plants along the path water takes as it runs off after rains. The fungus Plectosporium causes numerous white, dry lesions on stems, petioles and fruit rinds (see photo at right). In severe cases, infected stems and petioles become brittle and the plant ceases growing (see photo at left). Growers are advised to include chlorothalonil in every spray, as this material is considered to be the most useful at limiting further infection. However, under the wet conditions we have experienced in recent years, this disease has proven difficult to control even with rigorous fungicide programs.

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB)

BMSB numbers in blacklight traps have decreased somewhat in south and central NJ over the past week (see BMSB map at left), however, numbers remain high enough to generate a map image. Blacklight catches are likely a better indicator of stink bug activity (movement) than of actual numbers in a given area. Growers with crops that are potential targets of this pest should be scouting for BMSB or increases in stink bug injury.