Fruit IPM for 6/14/19

Recent Rain Patterns and Insecticide Use:

Given our recent periods of rainy weather, many growers are questioning the need for repeated applications, and the weatherability of the materials already applied. Dr. John Wise at MSU has been studying the residual properties of insecticides for a number of years.

In 2018 Dr. Wise published an update on his work on the MSU blog. As noted in the article “rainfastness” of insecticides is influenced by the crop type and time between application and rainfall, in addition to other factors. Below we have reproduced the charts for various fruit crops. We encourage the reader to visit the site and read the full article.

 

Rainfastness rating chart: General characteristics for insecticide chemical classes
Insecticide class	Rainfastness ≤ 0.5 inch		Rainfastness ≤ 1.0 inch		Rainfastness ≤ 2.0 inches
	Fruit	Leaves	Fruit	Leaves	Fruit	Leaves
Organophosphates	Low	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Low	Low
Pyrethroids	Moderate/High	Moderate/High	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low
Carbamates	Moderate	Moderate/High	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low
IGRs	Moderate	Moderate/High	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low
Oxadiazines	Moderate	Moderate/High	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low
Neonicotinoids	Moderate, Systemic	High, Systemic	Low, Systemic	Low, Systemic	Low, Systemic	Low, Systemic
Spinosyns	High	High	High	Moderate	Moderate	Low
Diamides	High	High	High	Moderate	Moderate	Low
Avermectins	Moderate, Systemic	High, Systemic	Low,Systemic	Moderate, Systemic	Low	Low

Highly rainfast = ≤ 30% residue wash-off
Moderately rainfast = ≤ 50% residue wash-off
Low rainfast = ≤ 70% residue wash-off
Systemic = Systemic residues remain within plant tissue

Apple insecticide precipitation wash-off re-application decision chart. Expected codling moth control in apples, based on each compound’s inherent toxicity to codling moth larvae, maximum residual and wash-off potential from rainfall.
Insecticides	Rainfall = 0.5 inch		Rainfall = 1 inch		Rainfall = 2 inches
	*1 day	*7 days	*1 day	*7 days	*1 day	*7 days
Imidan	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Asana	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Assail	Sufficient insecticide residue	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Proclaim	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Rimon	Sufficient insecticide residue	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Delegate	Sufficient insecticide residue	Sufficient insecticide residue	Sufficient insecticide residue	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Altacor	Sufficient insecticide residue	Sufficient insecticide residue	Sufficient insecticide residue	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue

* Number of days after insecticide application that the precipitation event occurred.
Insufficient insecticide residue = Insufficient insecticide residue remains to provide significant activity on the target pest, and thus re-application is recommended.
Sufficient insecticide residue = Sufficient insecticide residue remaining to provide significant activity on the target pest, although residual activity may be reduced.

Grape insecticide precipitation wash-off re-application decision chart. Expected Japanese beetle control in juice grapes, based on each compound’s inherent toxicity to Japanese beetle adults, maximum residual and wash-off potential from rainfall.
Insecticides	Rainfall = 0.5 inch		Rainfall = 1.0 inch		Rainfall = 2.0 inches
	*1 day	*7 days	*1 day	*7 days	*1 day	*7 days
Imidan	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Sevin	Sufficient insecticide residue	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Brigade	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Actara	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Avaunt	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue

* Number of days after insecticide application that the precipitation event occurred.
Insufficient insecticide residue = Insufficient insecticide residue remains to provide significant activity on the target pest, and thus re-application is recommended.
Sufficient insecticide residue = Sufficient insecticide residue remaining to provide significant activity on the target pest, although residual activity may be reduced.

Blueberry insecticide precipitation wash-off re-application decision chart. Expected cranberry fruitworm control in blueberries, based on each compound’s inherent toxicity to cranberry fruitworm larvae, maximum residual and wash-off potential from rainfall.
Insecticides	Rainfall = 0.5 inch		Rainfall = 1.0 inch		Rainfall = 2.0 inches
	*1 day	*7 days	*1 day	*7 days	*1 day	*7 days
Asana	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Intrepid	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Assail	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Delegate	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue

* Number of days after insecticide application that the precipitation event occurred.
Insufficient insecticide residue = Insufficient insecticide residue remains to provide significant activity on the target pest, and thus re-application is recommended.
Sufficient insecticide residue = Sufficient insecticide residue remaining to provide significant activity on the target pest, although residual activity may be reduced.

Blueberry insecticide precipitation wash-off re-application decision chart. Expected Japanese beetle control in blueberries, based on each compound’s inherent toxicity to Japanese beetle adults, maximum residual and wash-off potential from rainfall.
Insecticides	Rainfall = 0.5 inch		Rainfall = 1.0 inch		Rainfall = 2.0 inches
	*1 day	*7 days	*1 day	*7 days	*1 day	*7 days
Imidan	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Mustang Max	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Sevin	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Provado Admire	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue

* Number of days after insecticide application that the precipitation event occurred.
Insufficient insecticide residue = Insufficient insecticide residue remains to provide significant activity on the target pest, and thus re-application is recommended.
Sufficient insecticide residue = Sufficient insecticide residue remaining to provide significant activity on the target pest, although residual activity may be reduced.

Blueberry insecticide precipitation wash-off re-application decision chart. Expected spotted wing Drosophila control in blueberries, based on each compound’s inherent toxicity to SWD, maximum residual and wash-off potential from rainfall.
Insecticides	Rainfall = 0.5 inch		Rainfall = 1.0 inch		Rainfall = 2.0 inches
	*1 day	*7 days	*1 day	*7 days	*1 day	*7 days
Imidan	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Mustang Max	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Lannate	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Sufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Malathion	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Delegate	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue
Assail	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue	Insufficient insecticide residue

* Number of days after insecticide application that the precipitation event occurred.
Insufficient insecticide residue = Insufficient insecticide residue remains to provide significant activity on the target pest, and thus an immediate re-application is recommended.
Sufficient insecticide residue = Sufficient insecticide residue remaining to provide significant activity on the target pest, although residual activity may be reduced.

Insecticide persistence, plant penetration and rainfastness rating
Compound class	Persistence (residual on plant)	Plant penetration characteristics	Rainfast rating
Organophosphates	Medium – Long	Surface	Low
Carbamates	Short	Cuticle Penetration	Moderate
Pyrethroids	Short	Cuticle Penetration	Moderate – High
Neonicotinoids	Medium	Translaminar & Acropetal	Moderate
Oxadiazines	Medium	Cuticle Penetration	Moderate
Avermectins	Medium	Translaminar	Moderate
IGRs	Medium – Long	Translaminar	Moderate
Spinosyns	Short – Medium	Translaminar	Moderate – High
Diamides	Medium – Long	Translaminar	Moderate – High

 

Peach:

Plum curculio (PC): We continue to see scattered but recent egg laying scars in peaches Figure 1). We are long past the usual need for insecticides, but some recent injury was seen last week on nectarines. We are also seeing considerable evidence in blueberries. No additional insecticides are needed for this pest, but the presence of ‘late season’ injury does point to a heavier than normal overwintering population.

 

Figure 1. New PC injury on nectarine during early June. Photo – A. Atanassov 

Oriental Fruit Moth: Second generation timings are updated below. Second flight adults started this past week in southern counties and are about to start this coming week in northern counties. According to the model, treatments for the second generation should be going on  now in  southern counties, and should start next week in northern counties.

 

OFM 2nd Degree Day (DD) Timing
			Insecticide Type
County/Region	Biofix	DD by 6/13 base 45	Conventional 1150-1200, 1450-1500	Diamide 1075-1150, 1375-1450
Gloucester – Southern	4/8	1327	1st – past 2nd – 6/18-6/20	1st – past 2nd – 6/15-6/18
Hunterdon – Northern	4/16	960	1st – 6/21-7/23 2nd – too far off	1st – 6/18-6/21 2nd – too far off

 

Bacterial Spot: Infection levels increased dramatically statewide in susceptible varieties. While fruit has developed some resistance, less severe symptoms may still appear from infections that occur after pit hardening. Severe symptoms from infections that occurred before pit hardening may continue to appear for the next 3 weeks. Bacterial spot is usually more common in southern county orchards on sandy soils. This past week we saw the disease on northern counties on the fruit (Figure 1). In one instance in a nectarine planting (usually more susceptible than many peach varieties), an end tree was more affected than others in the row, implying that the grower may have missed coverage on a turn. An indicator like this demonstrates the importance of maintaining good coverage of coppers (Champ, Cueva, Magna-Bon, Nu-Cop) or Mycoshield/FireLine. Coverage should continue as long as any of the following criteria are met: 1) Frequent rains and infection periods, 2) Presence of bacterial spot foliar inoculum, 3) Presence of bacterial spot symptoms on the fruit, and 4) any of the previous conditions when fruit is greater than 3 weeks from picking.

Peach Scab: Maintain good coverage with captan or other effective fungicides until July, where scab was an issue last year.

Rusty Spot: No further control of rusty spot should be needed this season.

Brown Rot: After pit hardening growers may safely switch to a sulfur based program on late variety peaches where no scab was present last year. Pre-harvest programs for early peaches may rely on captan alone at the present time. As we approach ripening of midseason varieties growers should begin applying highly effective materials that include DMI, SDHI,  and QoI chemistries beginning 3 weeks prior to harvest.

Apple:

Codling Moth (CM): The first codling moth flight has started. A biofix was set for CM on April 25^th in southern counties and on May 1 in Hunterdon County. Although we are past the model timings for CM, some orchards continue to experience trap captures above threshold. Growers should continue to treat for this insect as long as trap counts are above the treatment threshold of 5 males per trap. The average trap capture on many farms continues to indicate CM populations above this threshold, even after 2 well timed treatments (See graph below). It is possible that over the years, a second ‘race’ developed that might have a longer diapause, escapes the first sprays, and then emerges after many of the first insecticides are applied. This produces a longer and more difficult to control first generation. This is also what may be happening in the second generation.

 

Tufted Apple Budmoth (TABM): A biofix for TABM was set in southern county orchards on 4/25. The fourth alternate middle application for TABM will be this week in southern counties. A number of sites in northern counties have trap counts that range from 48 to over 90 males per trap. If we were still using an organophosphate-based program, this would probably spell trouble. However, management practices have changed, and we have not seen problems in recent years.

Fire Blight: Shoot blight symptoms increased in susceptible varieties over the past week. Those growers with shoot blight symptoms should cut out the strikes, and continue to use protective copper applications. Doing nothing will likely result in a considerable higher level of fire blight, and possible tree death, depending on the variety and rootstock.

Rosy Apple Aphid (RAA): A few colonies are still active in northern orchards. While these should be leaving for alternate hosts, they don’t usually do so until mid-summer when they produce winged forms and leave the apple trees. Two common alternate weed hosts include curly dock and narrow leaf plantain – one good reason to have good weed control in your orchard middles. At the present time most colonies are still in the mode of females producing more non-winged females. Since damage can be severe, there is a low treatment threshold of one colony per tree. Effective materials include any neonicotinoid (Assail, Actara, Admire, Belay), Beleaf, and Sivanto. Belay and Actara, as well as premixes that include those active ingredients, are also effective for brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB).

Grapes

Approximately 20% of the samples last week on 4 southern county vineyards displayed symptoms of Phomopsis. Downy Mildew symptoms are now appearing but have not been noted in routine scouting.

Bloom is the most important time for disease control in the vineyard. Targets at this time are the downy and powdery mildew, black rot, bunch rot, and botrytis.

A biofix was set for Grape berry moth in southern counties on 5/13. Check wild vines near your vineyard and note the date of about 50% bloom. This is the biofix. As of 6/10 we have accumulated 605 dd base 47.14 deg F in southern counties.  The target for intrepid and Altacor is after 810 dd have accumulated. This target should be on or about 6/24 in southern counties. Other materials can be a applied a few days later.

 

WEEK END	GBM	GRB
6/1/2019	0
6/8/2019	9

 

The following table is intended as an aid for orchard scouting. I t should not be used to time pesticide applications. Median dates for pest events and crop phenology are displayed. These dates are compiled from observations made since 1995 in Gloucester County. Events in northern New Jersey should occur 7-10 days later.

 

Pest Event or Growth Stage	Approximate Date	2019 Observed Date
Bud Swell (Redhaven)	March 23 +/- 15 Days	March 25
1/4″ Green Tip Red Delicious	March 31 +/- 13 Days	March 27
Pink Peach (Redhaven)	April 4 +/- 15 Days	April 4
Tight Cluster Red Delicious	April 9 +/- 13 Days	April 8
Oriental Fruit Moth Biofix	April 9 +/- 13 Days	April 8
Full Bloom Peach (Redhaven)	April 9 +/- 14 Days	April 9
Pink Apple (Red Delicious)	April 14 +/- 12 Days	April 16
Codling Moth Biofix	April 27 +/- 13 Days	April 25
Green Peach Aphid Observed	April 16 +/- 16 Days
Full Bloom Apple (Red Delicious)	April 22 +/- 11 Days	April 20
Petal Fall (Redhaven)	April 22 +/- 10 Days	April 19
Petal Fall (Red Delicious)	April 27 +/- 14 Days	April 29
Shuck Split (Redhaven)	April 30+/- 11 Days	April 24
First PC Oviposition Scars Observed	May 3 +/- 18 Days	April 23
Tufted Apple Bud Moth Biofix	May 4 +/- 10 Days	April 8
San Jose Scale Crawlers	June 2 +/- 8 Days	May 24
Pit Hardening Peach	June 16 +/- 8 Days	Just past

 

Tree  Fruit Trap Counts – Southern Counties

 

Weekending	STLM	TABM-A	CM	AM	OFM-A	DWB	OFM-P	TABM-P	LPTB	PTB
4/27	8	1	3		110		29	0
5/4	4	5	6		34		17	1	0
5/11	2	8	5		31		5	5	0
5/18	2	32	8		21	23	2	11	34
5/25	2	34	7		0	39	0	32	34
6/1	1	51	11		1	71	1	56	47
6/8	13	25	6		14		2	26	56

 

Tree  Fruit Trap Counts – Northern Counties

 

Weekending	STLM	TABM-A	CM	AM	OFM-A	DWB	OBLR	OFM-P	TABM-P	LPTB	PTB
4/6	0.3
4/13	2
4/20	10		0		0.2			0.9
4/27	9	0	0		4			9.5	0
5/4	9	0.1	0.2		7	0	0	17.1	0.2	0
5/11	10	0.6	1.2		4	0	0	5.8	2	2.5	0
5/18	6	2.7	0.8		5	0	0	5.6	5.2	1.4	0
5/25	3	13.3	2.9		3	2	0	1.1	10.8	4.5	0
6/1	5	22.4	3.2		4	4	0.5	3.1	14.7	5.7	0
6/8	8	40.4	3.8		1	1.3	2	1.7	32.5	8.3	0.3

 

Blueberry

Plum Curculio (PC): Fruit injury over the past week averaged 0.03% with a maximum of  0.7% fruit injury. Most injured fruit is dropping to the ground, and any infested fruit still on the bushes is prematurely soft. If you have ANY PC injured fruit in your harvest, make sure to set your firmness sorters so they kick any of this out in the cull tray.

Scale: Scale crawlers are still present, and causing a low level of fruit injury where present. One field has up to 1.3% of fruit marked with scale, but the average injury is closer to .04%. These fields should be scheduled for a scale treatment during the second crawler generation during late July to early August.

Leafroller larval presence and injury: Presence of larvae was very low this past week, with 0.04% of shoots infested, and a maximum of 2%. Fruit injury was also very low but still present.

Cranberry and Cherry Fruitworm (CBFW, CFW): Some slight amount of injury and pest injury is present, but overall is not a concern. Some non to poorly sprayed fields showed a higher presence of cherry fruitworm this year than cranberry fruitworm. Cherry fruitworm larvae are pink to orange (See photo), and do not produce the massive amounts of frass associated with cranberry fruitworm, which is light green.

 

Aphids: During the past week the average level of infested terminals was just over 2% with a maximum present of 24%.  Colony sizes have increased to 2-5 aphids per colony. Aphids should be well controlled at this point, since SWD is now part of the pest picture.

Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD): This is now the main pest of concern. The majority of our trap network consists of red sticky traps with an SWD attractant hung below the trap. We count only males in this trap, since this is far more economical than using a network of cup traps that have to be strained each week to ID the flies. These are the numbers reported in the trap table below. However we do have several cup traps placed at 4 locations to look at early female presence.  Our first SWD capture was just prior to Memorial Day. With temperatures in the low 80’s, SWD can go through a generation in about 10 days. Considering the number of eggs a female can produce, with ideal temperatures, a 2^nd generation could produce 100x that of the 1^st generation first seen in late May. As the population density increases during the growing season, SWD pressure becomes greater. Protection of the fruit is more difficult, and the likelihood of infested berries increases. This is why it is important to start early, and stay on top of SWD management. Watch the weather and try not to apply certain materials if significant rain is predicted for the next day. See John Wise’s tables MSU.

Cup Traps Including Female SWD 6/2-6/8

	Atlantic Location 1	Atlantic Location 2	Burlington
Females	4	4	1
Males	9	16	6

 Full Season Traps

Atlantic County Traps

	SWD	OB	BBM
Average	1.05	8.2	0
High	12	50	0

 

Burlington County Traps

	SWD	OB	BBM
Average	0.07	2.91	0
High	1	14	0